List of tenses/aspects & negation (as treated so
far)
1. Past tenses
Past
Perfect
Negated past
Negated
perfect
Person marker+verbal
stem+reduplication of the final vowel
end form*:
same as on the non-end form with an additional -ì/-eà
or -(y)ñà
suffix**
Person marker+ aà
+verbal stem
Person marker+ aà
+homorganic nasal prefix -nà
+verbal stem
Person marker+homorganic
nasal prefix -nà +verbal
stem+reduplication of the final vowel
end form*:
same as on the non-end form with an additional -ì/-eàà
suffix**
meà-kõà-õà
meà-kõà-õà-eà
meà-aà-kõá
> maàkõá
meà-aà-nà-kõá
> maànàkõáá
meà-nà-kõá-õà
meà-nà-kõáõà-eà
woá-kõà-õà
woá-kõà-õà-eà
woá-aá-kõá
woá-aá-nà-kõá
woá-nà-kõá-õà
woá-nà-kõá-õà-eà
õà-kõà-õà/
ñà-kõà-õà
õà-kõà-õà-eà/
ñà-kõà-õà-eà
õà-aà-kõá/
aà-kõá
õà-aà-nà-kõá/
aà-nà-kõá
õà-nà-kõá-õà/
ñà-nà-kõá-õà
õà-nà-kõá-õà-eà/
ñà-nà-kõá-õà-eà
yñà-kõà-õà
yñà-kõà-õà-eà
yñà-aà-kõá
yñà-aà-nà-kõá
yñà-nà-kõá-õà
yñà-nà-kõá-õà-eà
moá-kõà-õà
moá-kõà-õà-eà
moá-aá-kõá
moá-aá-nà-kõá
moá-nà-kõá-õà
moá-nà-kõá-õà-eà
wõà-kõà-õà
wõà-kõà-õà-eà
wõà-aà-kõá
wõà-aà-nà-kõá
wõà-nà-kõáõà
wõà-nà-kõá-õà-eà
*End form of the past , resp. negated perfect is
used when no object or complement follows the verb.
**The suffix is low-toned and has two forms: -ì/-eà.
If the final vowel of the verb is advanced,
the suffix is -ì
, if it is unadvanced,
it will be -eà
[òà]. Compare "Notes on pronunciation
2" (3.5).
2. Present tenses
"Habitual"
Progressive
Negation (habitual/progressive)
person marker plus
verbal stem
person marker+ reà-+verbal
stem
person marker+homorganic
nasal prefix -nà+verbal
stem
meà-kõá
meà-reà-kõá
[meà:kõá]
meà-nà-kõá
woá-kõá
woá-reá-kõá
[woá:kõá]
woá-nà-kõá
õà-kõá/ñàkõá
õà-reà-kõá/ñà-reà-kõá
[õà:kõá]/ [ñà:kõá]
õà-nà-kõá/ñà-nà-kõá
yñà-kõá
yñà-reà-kõá
[yñà:kõá]
yñà-nà-kõá
moá-kõá
moá-reá-kõá
[moá:kõá]
moá-nà-kõá
wõà-kõá
wõà-reà-kõá
[wõà:kõá]
wõà-nà-kõá
3. Future tense
Future
Negation
person marker+ bñá+verbal
stem
person marker(High
tone!)+homorganic nasal prefix -nà+verbal
stem