Sentence combining 2 - Adverbial clauses
Types of subordinate clauses:
1. Complement clauses (-> Unit
9)
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2. Adverbial clauses
a) Cause
(i) Cause follows main predication:
Conjunction: ñfiri
sñâ
|
because
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| 1.
Ïheáne noá wõ mmaá bebree, ñfiri sñâ ne yeárenom
dõáõàsü. |
"The chief has many
children because he has many wives." |
| 2.
Akaánfoõ nnä agyadeáñ, ñfiri sñâ ñnyñá wõn
amaámàmeárñ. |
"The Akan don't inherit
patrilineally, because it's not their custom." |
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(ii) Cause precedes main predication:
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Conjunction: náti
|
because (of)
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| 3.
Meyareá náti, mamfrñá wo. |
"I didn't call you
because I
was sick." |
| 4.
Woá náti mede akyñá no. |
"I have forgiven him
because
of you." |
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| Note: The causal clause
may be replaced by a nominal as in (4). |
| Note also that ntä
is a postposition: It is always put after the noun or clause which it modifies. |
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(iii) Consequence follows main predication:
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Conjunction: eánti
|
therefore, so
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| 5.
Menim sñâ woáyñà näpa paá, eánti mede me baábaáa
yä maá wo sñâ wareá no. |
"I know that you're
a good person therefore I give you my daughter
into marriage." |
| 6.
Ïkyeána mñába, eánti
siesie m'akyä! |
"I'll return tomorrow,
so
get
something ready for me!" |
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Conjunction: náti
na
|
that is why
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| 7.
Mennä sikaá náti na meánkõõ Ghaánaà. |
"I have no money,that's
why I didn't go to Ghana." |
| 8.
Ïbaáa noá 'kuánu awuá náti na õreádi awerñhoáõ
yä. |
"The woman's husband
is dead, that's why she is sorrowful. |
b) Condition
Conjunction: sñ…aâ
|
if
|
| 9.Sñ
õbaá aâ meánàkõá. |
"If
he
comes I won't go." |
| 10.Sñ
awiaá bõá aâ yñbñádi agoárõ. |
"If
the
sun shines we'll play." |
c) Temporal clause
Temporal and relative clauses show the same link tone
characteristics as focus sentences, as can be seen in the examples given
below: replacement of the first Low tone of the predicate by High tone
(except in the future): High tone (suffix) addition to clause-final verb:
-> Link tone: Link
tone chat (Unit 7.4), Link tone 1
(Unit 4.5) and Link tone 2 (Unit 10.5)
-> Focus (Unit
10.6)
Conjunction: aâ
|
when (event not yet realised)
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| 11.
Kofä baá aâ õbñáfràñá meá. |
"Kofi will call me
whenhe
comes." |
| 12.
Meduáruá Kumaáse aâ
mñátweàrñá woá. |
"I'll write to you
whenI
arrive at Kumasi." |
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Conjunction:
noá
|
when (event already realised)
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| 13.
Ïtõáõà nsuáo noá muá noá,
õteæéteaam. |
"He kept shouting
whenhe
fell into the water." |
| 14.
Abõfraá noá hþéþè n'agyaá noá, n'anä gyee
yäe. |
"The child was very
happy when (s)he saw his/her father." |
3. Relative clauses
The relative particle aâ
is always put after the head noun (also called the antecedent). Note that
the definitiviser noá
is placed after the embedded relative clause:
abõfraá noá
'the
child' -> abõfraá
<relative
clause> noá
'the
child who …'.
If the antecedent is also the (human) object of the
relative clause, it is also represented by noá
in
the relative clause:
Mehunuu no
"I saw him/her."
By inserting this sentence in the <relative clause>
slot and making the necessary tone changes, we obtain (18): Abõfraá
aâ mehuánuáuà noá noá yñ meá nuáaá baá. "The
kid whom I saw is my sister's child."
Conjunction: aâ…noá
|
who, which, that
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| 15.
Ïbaräma aâ õreábaá[õàõá'baá] noá
yñ meá papaá. |
"The man who
is
coming is my father." |
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16.
Wõde abõfraá aâ
õyaáreá noá kõõ ayaresaábeáa. |
"They took the sick
child to the hospital." (lit. …the child who is
sick). |
| 17.
Aémmaá daa õbaräma aâ
õkyñáñà no sikaá noá aseá. |
"Amma thanked the
man who had
given her money." |
| 18.
Abõfraá aâ
mehþéþè noá noá yñ meá nuáaá baá. |
"The kid I saw is my
sister's child." |
4. Coordinate
clauses
a) Adversative clause
Conjunction: nanáso
|
but
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| 19.
Mehunuu no, nanáso meneá no aánàkasaá. |
"I saw him but I
didn't speak with him." |
| 20.
Ïkõõ fäe hõá, nanáso obäara nnä hõá. |
"He entered the house
but no
one was there." |
b) Concessive clause
Conjunction: náso
|
although, yet, but
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| 21.
Ïte Burofo kaása, náso õntumä nkæé. |
"Although
he understands English, he can't speak it." |
| 22.
Ïbaábarämaá noá awoáfoõ wõ fäe kñseáñ bä, náso
õdaá abõnteáne. |
"Although
the boy's parents have a big house, he sleeps on the street." |
Note that the conjunction náso
marks the part of the statement which is contrary to the expectation, whereas
English 'although' marks the part which carries the expectation.
c) Restrictive clause
Conjunction: gyeá
/ gyeá sñâ
|
except
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| 23.
Obäara nnä tumä gyeá
Onyameá. |
"Nobody has any power
except God." |
| 24.
Ïanyñá hwee, gyeá
sñâ õkõdäì dwaá. |
"She didn't do anything,
except
that
she went shopping." |
d) Conjoining clause
Conjunction: na
|
whereas, while
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| 25.
Aémmaá noaá aduaneá, na neá 'kuánu kenkaán
nwoáma bä. |
"Amma cooks,whereas her
husband reads a book." |
-> Go to exercises 2
and 3 |